What are the maintrends in and effects of immigration in contemporary Essay

What are the maintrends in and impacts of movement in contemporary Europe - Essay Example Then again, a political transient is one who flees from his living space as a result of contentions from the administration because of war. The individual may leave their nation for another spot to live in harmony. These settlers originate from various foundations, which have assortment of contrast as far as culture and standards. Migration can have positive or negative effects on both the nation of cause and goal either for political, monetary or even social circumstances. These beneficiary natural surroundings are generally industrialized living spaces it might be nations in Europe or the United states and even whatever other nation, which is grown monetarily, strategically, and security. Migrants in these nations carry different effects on the new living space, for example, economy, culture, strict and security (Jane 1). One beneficial thing movement has accomplished for have natural surroundings is economy that includes work in that they will do tasks that individuals in the host living space won't or can't do (Ioannis 1). They frequently work for longer hours and for lower salary however that is disputable, now and then exploitive against human rights yet they go about as recipient to the host natural surroundings. This despite everything occurs forward-thinking and even in years to come where numerous individuals have moved and as yet doing as such to build up their nations, and are eager to work so as procure a living so as to endure in this way helps the turn of events and economy of the host living space (Jane 1). By and large when the immigrants’ are acknowledged in the host society and can to a great extent add to the decent variety of that society as far as presentation of various societies and individuals with abilities which acquires new thoughts the market of creation of products and offering of administrations in this manner adding to the monetary development. After the European Union meeting in 2003 which took into account its extension, the greatest development of work across Europe was seen. During the December of 2003 period alone, more than 40, 000 travelers flew between UK air terminals and those in Poland. In term of five years from that point onward, it got close to inconceivable for one to fly from 20 UK air terminals to any of the Polish Cities. The quantity of individuals in that year moving from Poland to the UK was more than 385, 000 (Jane 1). It is commendable calling attention to that the beginnings and selection of goals for vagrants has been seen as differential among nations. A few nations reacted to this tremendous flood of migrants by limiting access to their work markets. The propensity for one moving from nations esteemed to be in â€Å"new† Europe can be supposed to be shifting altogether. The fundamental focal point of this paper will be completely analyzing the patterns, effects and ramifications of one moving from Poland to the UK. Poland has been regarded to be the biggest sender na tion while UK is the recipient because of its specific requirement for exceptionally talented work. This has lead to fear among sender nations of losing their exceptionally talented individuals to different countries who offer better chances and pay rates. The getting nations have thusly made light of these feelings of dread by guaranteeing that transient specialists are significant in filling low talented work lack. Looking this circumstance from the European Union viewpoint, there is a lot of significant ramifications. Most importantly, issues of equivalent access to business and the versatility of the exceptionally gifted work must be tended to. The subsequent issue if the grave matter of cerebrum squander from the

The Vision Mission And Values Of Good Leadership Business Essay

The Vision Mission And Values Of Good Leadership Business Essay Authority is the activity of intensity; it tends to be characterized as the demonstration of getting something going that would not in any case happen (Warner Burke, 2002) This is anything but difficult to compose the meaning of authority yet its very difficult to rehearse, all things considered. The conduct does make a difference first in initiative and the abilities are second. There is damnation of distinction among supervisor and a pioneer. The director more probable relies upon the board abilities, arranging, authoritative and relational abilities yet the pioneer has what it takes of an administrator just as some more characteristics. A few people brought into the world with characteristics of a decent pioneers and a few people grow such characteristics in their to be a decent pioneer. There are numerous characteristics which a pioneer must have like certainty, charm and the characteristics keep on developing in a pioneer with understanding. There are various styles of initiative. A few heads have no style, which is directly for some circumstance and wrong for certain circumstances also. Supervisors, Stake holders, staff, all individuals have distinctive style of authority as per diverse circumstance. For administration to function admirably, individuals (representatives and intrigued untouchables) must have the option to interface their desires, points and exercises to an essential reason or theory of the association. This central way of thinking ought to give crucial reference focuses to representatives choices and activities Vision: Characterizes the ideal or proposed future condition of a particular association or undertaking regarding its major target and additionally key heading. Vision is a drawn out goal. Strategic: Characterizes the principal reason for an association or a venture, portraying why it exists. Strategic a momentary goal. Qualities: Convictions that are shared among the partners of an association. Qualities drive an associations culture and needs. What's more, every body like administrators, chiefs, staff, clients, providers, partners, and so forth, need strong philosophical standards in term of crucial and qualities on which to base their desires, choices and activities. Levels ,(1963)similarity theory The more the comparative gatherings the gatherings in dyad are ,the more probable a good result It implies if each person and groups know their obligations and on the off chance that they coordinate their objectives with key heading of the association than they would have a similar reasoning and they will cooperate on a similar way which is the key bearing of the association to show signs of improvement result . Key course of association is significant on walk 6,1990 west Germany Daimler Benz and Japan Mitsubishi bunch uncovered that they had mystery meeting in Singapore .to take a shot at an escalated coordinate among their various ventures and lines of business .on the grounds that germens participate structure doesn't crush or fit with Mitsubishi gathering of the executives approach . For this the hierarchical bearing is being utilized was GSA(global vital collusion ) which make new skylines in reality by this makes new items and facilitate the issue of overall abundance efficiency limit turned into the basic piece of each association structure and united distinctive national starting points. Initiative methodologies and styles: Extraordinary Man Theories: This hypothesis shows about the administration that extraordinary pioneer is conceived, not made. This sort of hypothesis speaks to the gallant characters who were got the characteristics of initiative when they were conceived. Incredible Man speculations expect that administration is indispensable These hypotheses frequently speak to extraordinary pioneers as courageous, impressive, and bound to ascend to initiative when required. The term Great Man was utilized on the grounds that, at that point, authority was thought of principally as a male quality, particularly regarding military administration. Quality Theories: Comparative somehow or another to Great Man speculations, characteristic hypothesis centers around the individuals get guaranteed characteristics and characters that improve them coordinated to administration. Quality hypotheses over and over order explicit character or open highlights shared by pioneers. In any case, this hypothesis brings up the issue as though certain attributes are key highlights of initiative, how would we explain individuals who hold those characteristics however are not pioneers? This inquiry is one of the issues in utilizing characteristic speculations to enlighten administration. Possibility Theories: This sort of administration style accentuation on explicit factors which are straightforwardly identified with condition to have control on style of authority which is most appropriate for the circumstance. As per this hypothesis, the authority style must be diverse in various circumstance. The pioneer can change their practices in various sort of circumstances. Possibility hypothesis says that the accomplishment of a pioneer relies upon the quantity of factors the pioneer use in various conditions and the capacities of the admirers. Situational Theories: This sort of hypothesis delineates that pioneer pick the best move must be made by the pioneer dependent on the situational variable. Dynamic in various sort of circumstance does make a difference in this hypothesis. Conduct Theories: Conduct thory accepts that the extraordinary pioneers can be made rather they brought into the world with characteristics. This initiative hypothesis centers around the activity of pioneers rather the psychological level, character and inside characteristics. Social hypothesis says individuals can figure out how to become extraordinary pioneer through getting information, experience and perceptions. Participative Theories: The participative administration hypothesis delineates that the pioneers must take his/her adherents into account. In this hypothesis the supporters take an interest in dynamic and the individuals feel progressively applicable and submitted also. The pioneer permits the individuals to take an interest in dynamic procedure. The board Theories: The board speculations (otherwise called Transactional hypotheses) accentuation on the job of organization, affiliation, and gathering execution. These hypotheses base administration on a structure of motivator and punishment. Administrative hypotheses are much of the time utilized in industry; when workforces are productive, they are fulfilled; when they fall flat, they are rebuked or punished. Relationship Theories: Relationship hypotheses (otherwise called Transformational speculations) center upon the systems shaped among pioneers and admirers. These pioneers invigorate and motivate individuals by helping bunch individuals see the conspicuousness and higher great of the activity. Transformational pioneers are assimilated on the introduction of gathering individuals, yet additionally need every individual to accomplish their approaching. These pioneers every now and again have high principled and good guidelines. Authority could be depicted in various levels in association as Direct initiative Which is part to component initiative or direct line is in the association were staff see their pioneer constantly . Hierarchical initiative They are the pioneers on hundreds or some time on a large number of the staff however this is roundabout administration to help him there must be the staff at direct level to help the pioneer for dynamic. Key administration Key pioneers are commonly liable for enormous associations and may impact a few thousand to a huge number of individuals. They establishâ organizational structure, dispense assets, and convey key vision. Vital pioneers work in a dubious domain on exceptionally complex issues that effect and are influenced by occasions and associations outside their own. Vital pioneers apply huge numbers of a similar initiative aptitudes and activities they aced as immediate and authoritative pioneers; be that as it may, vital administration requires others that are increasingly unpredictable and in a roundabout way applied. Key pioneers, as immediate and hierarchical pioneers, process data rapidly, survey choices dependent on deficient information, decide, and produce support. Nonetheless, key pioneers choices influence more individuals, submit more assets, and have more extensive running outcomes in both reality than do choices of authoritative and direct pioneers. Maybe of fundamental significance since they apply impact essentially through subordinates-key pioneers must create solid abilities in picking and growing great second-level pioneers strategic_clip_image001.gif (586ãÆ'-416) http://www.leadafrika.com/Templates/strategic_clip_image001.gif Key authority abilities and attributes: There are numerous authority abilities and attributes an individual should gangs to turn into a quality administrator and to prevail in the globalized universe of business.These pioneers have certain qualities, for example, the pioneer ought to be managers brand Should groups enthusiastic intelligence,creativity, ingenuity, and adaptability, gangs certain authority attributes as high moral guidelines, vitality, prioritization abilities, responsibility, commitment, objective direction, compassionate, and outgoing. Pioneers adjust administration styles as needs be so as to more readily make and grow new thoughts or change existing ones. A few chiefs may pick a specific administration style dependent on the way of life of their association. A supervisor ought to give authority and bearing to the board levels as per the associations objectives, strategic, vision. End: Initiative is about the impacting and propelling people groups nowadays and pioneer are not conceived and pioneer can be creating through association structure and advancement preparing also. Among the two authority styles talked about, there are some that have a superior fit in various hierarchical models. In the non-benefit area, utilizing a worker initiative style would be viable most of the time, yet the other two models can be utilized for explicit purposes. The initiative styles are noted in all associations. Be that as it may, there is an essential style partook in the authoritative culture. There are numerous different styles not inspected in this examination, which opens the open door for additional exploration here. Further

Barbie Doll Syndrome free essay sample

Midwest Foot and Ankle Specialists, Davenport. â€Å"The commonplace issues I see are straightforwardly identified with shoes that aren’t molded like a person’s foot. Wearing shoes excessively little or those formed in an unnatural manner will cause deformities,† she includes. Pamela Davis, M. D. Foot amp; Ankle Specialists, Davenport, IA â€Å"Women are restricting their feet† The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons and the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society found in an overview about 80% of ladies had foot torment and that 59% of ladies wear awkward shoes for in any event an hour daily, either for expert or design reasons. Dr. Davis sees the agonizing outcome every now and again. â€Å"Unfortunately, numerous shoes are essentially restricting women’s feet and are causing excruciating pressure breaks, bunions, hammertoes, and neuromas. † Bunions are basic in ladies of different ages. â€Å"The more youthful you are, the more probable it is you have a hereditary aura to bunions. Further down the road, it’s for the most part because of sick fitting shoes. † Bunions follow an excruciating movement that adjusts to the perilous state of pointed shoes. At first the toes become screwy, torment sets in, at that point they get progressively abnormal. After some time, the huge toe makes a beeline for the subsequent toe, and the second, third and fourth toes head towards huge toe. Time for medical procedure? Early treatment for bunions is entirely straightforward, says Dr. Davis: â€Å"Wear foot-accommodating shoes. Later on it takes medical procedure to address the distortions. I see many individuals who don’t know whether they ought to have medical procedure to address deformations. Her dependable guideline: If you are having torment a larger number of days than not, at that point it’s time to have them fixed. Yet, it’s the excessively close, too-pointy shoes that are underneath most foot issues: â€Å"Ninety percent of the bunion s and hammertoes that I see could be forestalled with appropriate footwear,† includes Dr. Davis. Also, those are only two of the issues: metatarsalgia is a torment in the bundle of the foot. High impact points push the foot into the sharp toe, causing high weights in the chunk of the foot. The center bones get all the weight, and the foot’s fat cushion steadily loses its capacity to pad like it should. There’s no treatment yet to escape the heels,† she exhorts. Stress cracks in dynamic ladies As more ladies partake in sports, stress breaks are additionally normal. In recently dynamic ladies, their bones separate as a result of the new burdens. So as to fix itself, the body needs to set down new bone. At the point when that procedure doesn’t happen rapidly enough, the focused on bone will break Peri-menopausal ladies †for the most part those matured 45-55 †are particularly in danger for stress cracks on the grounds that they’re beginning to lose bone mass. It’s essential to keep up a decent action level and make certain to get enough calcium in your diet,† says Dr. Davis. â€Å"If you begin having torment joined by expanding and redness on the highest point of the foot, chill out. It is essential to wear movement explicit shoes that fit well. They will shield you from injury. I for the most part suggest running shoes for walkers since they have more pad and stun retention. † Women who work in high heels ought to think about driving in pads or sneakers, wearing heels each other day, or searching for in vogue shoes in lower rises. I don’t have a shoe in my storage room that has a heel higher than an inch and a half ,† says Dr. Davis. Since foot size frequently changes with age, ladies ought to have their feet estimated for new shoes toward the day's end. Another tip: When purchasing shoes, ensure the most extensive part (the bundle of) your foot fits easily; don’t expect shoes that are too close to even think about stretching to fit. Elegant shoes †even a few heels †ought to be agreeable. Normal Women’s Foot Ailments: Bunions, Hammertoes and Neuromas Bunions are a typical and difficult result of wearing tight or sick fitting shoes. At the point when shoes cause an excessive amount of weight or erosion, the body attempts to build up a pad that frequently turns into a difficult hard bump †for the most part on the enormous toe’s first joint †secured by a stack of delicate tissue. Bunions are not just a restorative issue. At the point when the main joint of the enormous toe is pushed crooked, the bone simply behind it extends out. That misalignment can turn out to be very agonizing and lessening foot work. Medical procedures to address bunions and hammertoes now and again include rectifying and realigning the toes or metatarsals and adjusting the delicate tissues. On the off chance that there is a ton of joint pain, the large toe joint can be reemerged. Hammertoes and their nearby family members, hammer toes, create when a toe gets fixed in a warped situation with the finish of the toe confronting for all time descending like the leader of a mallet. Constrained room in close shoes swarms the toes, which causes torment and trouble in strolling. Thick calluses (or corns) regularly create on the highest points of the influenced toes and at the chunk of the foot. Extending the abbreviated ligaments with medical procedure can address the circumstance. At the point when joint inflammation is huge, the toe joint is regularly combined. Neuroma, a swollen foot nerve, can likewise be disturbed by close or sick fitting shoes. Shoe pressure crushes the bones of the foot together until they push on the neuroma. At the point when the bones rub on the nerves, it can hurt, and the whole lower foot may get numb or build up a consuming or shivering sensation. In genuine cases, a specialist will evacuate the swollen nerve through the highest point of the foot. (Going in through the top permits patients to stroll through recuperation. ) Update: WQAD-TV ran an ongoing â€Å"Patient Power† tale about Dr. Davis and this issue. You can watch the video underneath orâ visit the MVHNews Online page on WQAD’s site.

How to Use Content to Super-charge Your Brands Visibility

New to content marketing? Start off on the right foot with Lucidpress. Want to super-charge your brand's visibility? The best way is through great content. Now, hear me out. I know you've probably heard the old phrase, "Content is king." It's a hackneyed aphorism, but it does give us a reason to chat about how brands use content to get ahead—and how you can follow those same practices to earn more visibility for your brand. How brands use content to get ahead Content marketing: Content marketing is creating content specific to the industry you're in, without directly promoting your own brand. So if you're a store selling wooden floors, for instance, you could use your expertise to write and publish articles like "7 creative examples of parquet floors." Thought leadership: Also a form of content marketing, thought leadership goes the extra mile. It aims to take a brand representative and position them as an expert and visionary—someone who shapes the industry and whose words are important. Think of thought leadership as a cross between content marketing and public relations. Everything else: From press releases and ads (both traditional & digital) to pamphlets, hoardings, brochures, newsletters and email marketing—content is literally in everything. The owned, earned & paid tripod Another way of looking at content is through the trifecta of owned, earned and paid media. In a nutshell, owned media is what you put up on your own digital property or website. This is the first destination for the articles & feature content you generate. Earned media is what happens when people like what you share, then re-share and re-blog it. Think of it as online word of mouth. Remember all those kitten videos that went viral? That's earned media. Paid media is fairly straightforward. It's when you buy ads or pay to promote content. Google Banner Ads are an example. Most social platforms—like Facebook, Twitter & LinkedIn—have tools where you can pay to promote your content and run ads. Any cohesive content strategy usually has a mix of all three. 3 super-charging content tips Now that we've described the playing field, let's delve into a couple of playbook ideas on how to use content to boost brand equity. 1. Decide on a strategy A single piece of content can't be all things to all people. Decide whether you're doing content marketing, authoring a thought leadership piece, or writing a press release for distribution. All these pieces of content have their own styles and best practices—and their own goals and metrics for success. You also have to decide which types of content you'll be creating for your campaign. There are many possibilities, and you can repurpose ideas across different content types. What type of content do you create using Lucidpress? 2. Have a distribution plan Content that just sits there in your owned media isn't much use. It doesn't boost your search engine rankings, it doesn't attract more eyeballs, and it doesn't increase sales. The trick is to turn that static block of words into a flowing river of shares and likes. Most marketers have a handy funnel that they push their content through. You can start by posting on your own website. Then, the next step is to share on your social pages. Here, you might decide to give it a boost by paying for extra promotion. A day or so later, start submitting to content aggregators like StumbleUpon. Eventually, re-blog on social blogging sites such as Medium. By following a planned distribution strategy, you'll have a far better chance of turning your words into traction-grabbing content. 3. Figure out your audience So you've got your strategy in place, and you know whether content marketing or thought leadership, or both, is the way forward. The next step is to figure out the audience you want to tap, and what they might be interested in. If your audience is composed of silver-haired retirees dreaming of Caribbean cruises, chances are they won't read a blog about buying their first home. So, pick topics that are relevant, timely and valuable for your audience. Use these techniques as you build your next content marketing plan, and you'll have a far better chance of resonating with your audience and reaching your content goals. Make sure that everyone who creates content for your brand understands these concepts. Finally, ensure brand consistency with a tool like Lucidpress, which uses smart lockable templates to keep everyone on-brand. Ready to get started? See how Lucidpress can streamline your content marketing efforts today.

Aphids, Family Aphididae

Plant-sucking aphids are the bane of a gardeners existence. Come spring, aphids appear as if by magic and begin draining the life out of tender plants. Their ability to reproduce, both sexually and asexually, is prolific. Description Aphid bodies are soft and pear-shaped. Though most often green or yellow, aphids come in a variety of colors, from red to black. Few aphids measure more than a couple of millimeters. An individual aphid would be difficult to spot, but since aphids feed in groups, their presence is usually noticeable. Up close, aphids resemble little muscle cars with a pair of tailpipes. Entomologists believe these abdominal appendages, called cornicles, secrete waxy lipids or alarm pheromones when the aphid senses a threat. The presence of cornicles is a common characteristic of all aphids. Antennae may have five or six segments, with the final segment ending in a thin flagellum. At their other end, aphids possess a cauda, a short, tail-like appendage centered between the cornicles. Aphids usually lack wings, though certain environmental conditions may cause winged forms to develop. Classification Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass – InsectaOrder – HemipteraFamily - Aphididae Diet Aphids feed on plant phloem tissues, sucking the sugary liquids from the host plants vascular system. Reaching the phloem is no easy task. Aphids feed using a straw-like proboscis that contains thin, delicate stylets for piercing plant tissues. In order to protect the stylets from damage, the aphid secretes a special fluid from them, which hardens into a protective sheath. Only then can the aphid begin feeding. Aphids need nitrogen, but phloem juices contain mostly sugars. To get adequate nutrition, aphids must consume an enormous quantity of phloem liquids. They excrete the excess sugars in the form of honeydew, a sweet residue left behind on plant surfaces. Other insects, such as ants and wasps, follow behind the aphids, licking up the honeydew. Life Cycle The aphid life cycle is somewhat complex. Aphids usually reproduce asexually, with aphid mothers giving live birth to their young. Sexual reproduction occurs just once per year, if at all. Just before winter, sexual females mate with males and then lay eggs on a perennial plant. The eggs overwinter. In warm climates or in greenhouses, sexual reproduction rarely occurs. Special Adaptations and Defenses Aphids are tiny, slow-moving, and soft-bodied – in other words, easy targets. Theyre far from defenseless, however. Aphids use both fight and flight, and everything in between, to protect themselves. If a predator or parasitoid approaches an aphid, it can react in a number of ways. Aphids will literally kick their attackers, with some serious aggression. In other cases, the aphid may just walk away, hoping to elude the trouble. Sometimes, the aphid does a stop, drop, and roll, and simply falls to the ground. Some aphid species employ soldier aphids to stand guard. Aphids also arm themselves with defensive weaponry. When a pursuing predator attempts to take a bite from behind, they can excrete a waxy lipid from their cornicles to fill the attackers mouth. Alarm pheromones broadcast the threat to other aphids or may summon protection from bodyguards of other species. If a lady beetle attempts to feed on it, a cabbage aphid will mix toxic chemicals within its abdomen to bomb the offender. Aphids also use bodyguard ants, which they pay with sweet honeydew excretions. Range and Distribution Both abundant and diverse, aphids mainly inhabit temperate zones. Aphid species number over 4,000 worldwide, with about 1,350 species in North America alone.

The Crucible of Abigail Williams - 1517 Words

The Crucible of Abigail Williams Abigail Williams is a very spiteful and bitter woman, but she has the biggest influence on the play with all the lies she tells about people being witches which are believed and cost some people their lives. Abigail is one of the most misunderstood characters because she is so good at lying that it almost seems like she is telling the truth. A crucible is a large test that one may face that may force them to make a controversial decision to benefit them or to hurt them. In Salem, Massachusetts in 1691 there were whispers of witch craft. To avoid it one has to make lies to save themselves. Abigail Williams is one of the most important people in this story because she tells by far the most lies because†¦show more content†¦In John Proctor’s house when John Proctor comes home from working in the fields Elizabeth discovers that John was with Abigail alone and does not trust him any more. Through Abigail’s lying and attempts to win John over she begins to draw John and Elizabeth apart. When she realizes that she has a chance to frame Elizabeth she accuses Elizabeth of witch craft, because she wants to accuse Elizabeth on the grounds of Elizabeth being angry about the affair John and Abigail ha. Her thinking was that if she could not have John then no one can. Abigail feels as if she has won Johns wife is in jail and she knows that John still has feelings for her, so she feels like she can take the place of Elizabeth. Little did Abigail know that John would fight to get Elizabeth back by forcing Mary Warren to confess that it was her poppet not Elizabeth’s and that the girls are lying about all the witch craft. In the court room Abigail wants to attempt to prove Elizabeth a witch John comes in with Mary warren. When Mary testifies that the girls were lying Abigail said Mary was lying then when Abigail begins to feel threatened by Mary testifying she lies about Mary sending her spirit down to atta ck her. This is a sign of Abigail feeling very nervous about her lies holding up during court so she lies again. Then almost like the leader of a clan whenShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible : Abigail Williams845 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible: Abigail Williams In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, Miller demonstrated that it was Abigail’s flaws- lust, jealousy, and mendacity- that led her to be responsible the most for the tragedy of the witch-hunt in Salem. The Crucible focuses of the finding of young girls and a slave messing around in the woods, trying to conjure spirits from the dead. Rather than admit to their actions and face the consequences, the girls accuse everyone else of the crimes they were guilty of. AbigailRead MoreAnalysis Of Abigail Williams In The Crucible857 Words   |  4 Pages Arthur Miller’sâ€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts in the early 1690’s. It’s very popular because parts of this story are based on real historical events. This book has a lot of conflict happening when the people of Salem are being accused of witchcraft. Witchcraft was a very serious case to puritans. They thought that the people being accused should be punished for â€Å"being in contact with the Devil†. The people would either hang or be held in prison until they confessed. The personRead MoreExamples Of Abigail Williams In The Crucible772 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a play about the Salem Witchcraft Trials. In the town of Salem, Massachusetts, ninety one people were accused of witchcraft. A group of girls were caught dancing in the forest one night which is what caused the witchcraft trials. The group of girls started accusing people of witchcraft and the ringleader of the group was Abigail Williams. Abigail Williams had an affair with John Proctor then accused his wife, Elizabeth Proctor, of witchcraft so she could be with him. Although JudgeRead MoreAbigail Williams In The Crucible Analysis731 Words   |  3 PagesBeing related to a priest doesnt mean you are a good person. Abigail Williams was the niece of Reverend Parris, but she was no Puritan. Arthur Miller understood and used this truth while writing his play, The Crucible. Abigail did some things that were not only unspeakable by Puritan standards, but also illegal at the time. She had Tituba use voodoo magic in an attempt to kill John Proctors wife, and had an affair with him while she was living there as a servant. To top it all off, she threatenedRead MoreAnalysis Of Abigail Williams In The Crucible950 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Crucible† the story has taught us about how great and powerful fear can easily take over one another and show how people turn against one another just to protect themselves. One of the characters in the story has shown a great example of this and you can see the great evil that is inside of this person who just lets good innocent people die to protect themselves. Cruel and selfish is what you think or maybe it is the other way around for you. Maybe you think you got to do whatever you gotRead MoreCauses Of Abigail Williams In The Crucible797 Words   |  4 PagesIn The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, people are accused of witchcraft and put to death because they don’t admit to it. People believed that witches followed the devil instead of God and only worked for the devil. Many people were killed without hard evidence for witchcraft. Many characters can be accused of causing the many deaths of innocent people but Abigail and Governor Danforth take most of the blame yet people could also blame Reverend Hale as well. Abigail Williams is one of the mainRead MoreThe Crucible: the Evilness and Selfishness of Abigail Williams956 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible: The Evilness and Selfishness of Abigail Williams In Arthur Millers The Crucible, there is one character who, because of her selfish and evil ways, causes the destruction of many people in the town of Salem. This character is Abigail Williams. In the play, jealousy, and self- interest are the two characteristics that are seen constantly throughout the play. These characteristics pertain particularly to Abigail, and give a graphic description of her life, and how she dealsRead MoreTheme Of Destruction In The Crucible By Abigail Williams711 Words   |  3 PagesThe main cause of the destruction in The Crucible is Abigail Williams. From the beginning Abigail has shown no mercy except for herself, from accusing others to bringing a McCarthyist shadow over the whole village. Abigail starts off in the play trying to get rid of Elizabeth Proctor, as she is madly in love with John Proctor. By doing what was feared during that time; witchcraft. With being caught and Betty Parris unconscious, she quickly starts forming her lies. Left and right she is throwing incriminationsRead MoreMass Hysteria In Abigail Williams In The Crucible1470 Words   |  6 Pagesplays an important role in Salem in the late 1600s. For instance Abigail Williams one of the girls in the crucible that uses mass hysteria to exploit the people of Salem around her. Mass hysteria mean s a group of people who over exaggerate something and becomes a fear. According to a quote from Abigail Williams says †She is blackening my name in the village! She is tellingRead MoreAnalysis Of Abigail Williams s The Crucible 1342 Words   |  6 PagesThe main character I chose to analyze is Abigail Williams. Abigail is a very intelligent, manipulative, and cunning character in The Crucible. Some would call her the puppet master of the play, as she almost seems to have all of the other characters on a string, controlling their destiny with her sly and devious ways. A main example of this in the play, was her use of Mary Warrens poppet to manipulate and control Elizabeth Proctors fate. A poppet is somewhat of a voodoo doll, which Mary Warren

Chromosomal Aberrations free essay sample

Chromosomal aberrations are abnormalities in the structure or number of chromosomes and are often responsible for genetic disorders. For more than a century, scientists have been fascinated by the study of human chromosomes. It was not until 1956, however, that it was determined that the actual diploid number of chromosomes in a human cell was forty-six (22 pairs of autosomes and two sex chromosomes make up the human genome). In 1959 two discoveries opened a new era of genetics. Jerome Lejeune, Marthe Gautier, and M. Raymond Turpin discovered the presence of an extra chromosome in Down syndrome patients. And C. E. Ford and his colleagues, P. A. Jacobs and J. A. Strong first observed sex chromosome anomalies in patients with sexual development disorders. Advances in Chromosomal Analysis Identification of individual chromosomes remained difficult until advances in staining techniques such as Q-banding revealed the structural organization of chromosomes. The patterns of bands were found to be specific for individual chromosomes and hence allowed scientists to distinguish the different chromosomes. Also, such banding patterns made it possible to recognize that structural abnormalities or aberrations were associated with specific genetic syndromes. Chromosome disorders, or abnormalities of even a minute segment (or band) are now known to be the basis for a large number of genetic diseases. Chromosomal disorders and their relationship to health and disease are studied using the methods of cytogenetics. Cytogenetic analysis is now an integral diagnostic procedure in prenatal diagnosis. It is also utilized in the evaluation of patients with mental retardation, multiple birth defects, and abnormal sexual development, and in some cases of infertility or multiple miscarriages. Cytogenetic analysis is also useful in the study and treatment of cancer patients and individuals with hematologic disorders. The types of chromosomal abnormalities that can be detected by cytogenetics are numerical aberrations, translocations, duplications, deletions, and inversions. Chromosomal Aberrations Chromosomal abnormalities can result from either a variation in the chromosome number or from structural changes. These events may occur spontaneously or can be induced by environmental agents such as chemicals, radiation, and ultraviolet light. However, mutations are most likely due to mistakes that occur when the genes are copied as the cells are dividing to produce new cells. These abnormalities may involve the autosomes, sex chromosomes, or both. The disruption of the DNA sequence or an excess or deficiency of the genes carried on the affected chromosomes results in a mutation. Such a change may or may not alter the protein coded by a gene. Often, however, a mutation results in the disruption of gene functionality. The resulting altered or missing protein can disrupt the way a gene is meant to function and can lead to clinical disease. Only mutations occurring to the DNA in the gametes will potentially pass on to the offspring. Mutations appear in gametes in one of two ways. A mutation may be inherited from one of an individuals parents. However, a mutation may also occur for the first time in a single gamete, or during the process of fertilization between an egg cell and a sperm cell. In this case the mutation or change is often called a de novo mutation. The parents are not affected by the condition and are not carriers of the mutation. The affected individual will have this mutation in all of his or her cells and may be able to pass the mutation on to any offspring. Some common abnormalities and their resulting phenotypes are discussed below. Aneuploidy Aneuploidy is the gain or loss of individual chromosomes from the normal diploid set of forty-six chromosomes. As in structural anomalies, the error may be present in all cells of a person or in a percentage of cells. Changes in chromosome number generally have an even greater effect upon survival than changes in chromosome structure. Considered the most common type of clinically significant chromosome abnormality, it is always associated with physical and/or mental developmental problems. Most aneuploid patients have a trisomy of a particular chromosome. Monosomy, or the loss of a chromosome, is rarely seen in live births. The vast majority of monosomic embryos and fetuses are probably lost to spontaneous abortion during the very early  stages of pregnancy. An exception is the loss of an X chromosome, which produces Turners syndrome. Trisomy may exist for any chromosome, but is rarely compatible with life. Aneuploidy is believed to arise from a process called nondisjunction. Nondi sjunction occurs when chromosomes do not separate correctly during meiosis. The direct result is that one gamete will have an extra chromosome and the other will be lacking a chromosome. When these gametes are fertilized by a normal gamete, they have either an extra chromosome (trisomy) or are missing a chromosome (monosomy). Disorders Associated with Aneuploidy Three well-known autosomal chromosome disorders associated with trisomies of entire autosomes are sometimes found in live births. These are trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), trisomy 13, and trisomy 18. Growth retardation, mental retardation, and multiple congenital anomalies are associated with all three trisomies. However, each has distinctive morphological characteristics, which are presumably determined by the extra dosage of the specific genes on the additional chromosome. Down syndrome (chromosome 21) is the most frequent trisomy found in humans, and one of the most common conditions encountered in genetic counseling. General characteristics are mental retardation, distinctive palm prints, and a common facial appearance. The average life expectancy is now much greater thanks to improvements in medical care. Generally, individuals with Down syndrome have affable personalities and are able to be partially independent. The incidence of Down syndrome is about 1 in 800 children and is often associated with later maternal age (as may also be the case with other aneuploids). Down syndrome appears to be related to the difference in gamete formation (gametogenesis) between males and females. In females, oocytes are formed before birth and held in a static state until ovulation. In the case of older mothers, an oocyte may be in this stage for more than forty years, during which time environmental factors may affect the genetic material. In trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 patients, congenital abnormalities are much more severe. These individuals generally do not live much beyond birth. Both trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 result in syndromes characterized by specific dysmorphic features and severe organ malformations. In a ddition to trisomies involving the autosomal chromosomes, aneuploidy may also involve  the sex chromosomes. Two examples are Turners syndrome and Klinefelters syndrome. As mentioned previously, Turners syndrome is a monosomy involving the X chromosomes. Turners syndrome females possess forty-five chromosomes (45, X) as compared to clinically normal forty-six (46, XX). They are usually sterile and short in staturewith some neck webbing. Klinefelters syndrome patients have a trisomy involving the sex chromosomes and thus have forty-seven chromosomes (47, XXY). Klinefelters syndrome individuals are sterile males possessing some female characteristics. These chromosome abnormalities are of interest especially for their implications in infertility and abnormal development. Abnormalities of Chromosomal Structure Four types of structural changes may occur in chromosomes: duplications, deletions, translocations, and inversions. All may result when there is breakage of the chromosomes and a rejoining or loss of chromosome fragments. If the same broken ends rejoin, the chromosome becomes intact once again. The resulting effects of such events depend on how large they are and where they occur on the chromosome. Rearrangements may occur in many forms and are less common than abnormalities of chromosome number. The most common type of rearrangement is called a balanced translocation because the amount of genetic information within that cell is normal even though it is repositioned. Therefore the individual with a balanced translocation may appear normal. However, there will be a risk to the children of a carrier of a balanced translocation since that person is likely to produce unbalanced gametes (bearing too little or too much genetic information), and therefore the risk of having abnormal offspring is increased. Rearrangements such as aneuploidy may be found in all cells of an individual, or they may occur only in a percentage of an individuals cells. This latter condition is known as mosaicism. In general, mosaic individuals show a less severe expression of their syndrome than those with chromosome abnormalities in all their cells. Unbalanced Chromosome Rearrangements A rearrangement is considered unbalanced if it results in extra or missing information. Structural rearrangements may be caused by a number of factors  including chemicals, some viral infections, and ionizing radiation. Because the complement of DNA or genetic material in the chromosomes is greater or less than the complement of DNA in a normal set of chromosomes, there is likely to be abnormal development. Deletions A deletion is the loss of a segment of a chromosome. The amount of deleted material may be any length from a single base to a large piece of the chromosome. The result is a chromosomal imbalance, with the individual being monosomic or possessing half of the required genes present in a normal individual for the segment of DNA missing. Only small deletions are tolerated, and the effect on the individual will depend upon the size of the deleted segment and the number and functionality of the genes that are contained within it. Larger deletions and the deletion of an entire chromosome always result in nonviable embryos. Cri du Chats (cats cry) syndrome individuals have a deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5. Although they possess the usual signs of chromosomal anomalies, such as mental retardation and low birth weight, their appearance is not extraordinarily different from normal individuals. One peculiarity is that affected infants make an unusual cry resembling that of a cat, hence the name of the syndrome. Two other interesting diseases are Prader-Willis syndrome and Angelmans syndrome. In both cases, patients with these diseases possess a deletion in the long arm of chromosome 15. Interestingly, the deletion is in the same location, but the resulting syndrome depends on whether the deletion was in the maternal or paternal chromosome. Duplications Duplications also result from the reuniting of broken pieces of homologous chromosomes. In some cases the chromosome pieces rejoin in such a way that there is a doubling, or redundancy, of a portion of the chromosome. This changes the number of genes present and may result in a problem with health, development, or growth. Large insertions and deletions prevent the production of useful proteins. The effect of smaller insertions or deletions depends upon how many bases are involved. Sometimes an entire gene can be inserted (in duplications) or deleted. The effect depends upon where in the genome the changes occur and how many base pairs are involved. Inversions An inversion is the rotation of a broken chromosome segment in such a way that it rejoins the chromosome in a reversed state, or is flipped, end to end. Inversions are usually characterized by whether the centromere is included in the inverted segment. Inversions containing the centromere are called pericentric. Those not containing the centromere are called paracentric. Although an inversion does not change the overall content of cellular DNA and can be considered a balanced translocation, it can affect a gene at many levels because it alters the normal DNA sequence. The gene may not produce its corresponding protein at all, or a nonfunctioning protein may result. There is a common inversion seen in human chromosomes involving chromosome 9. A small pericentric inversion is present in approximately 1 percent of tested individuals. There appears to be no detrimental effect on the carrier, and it does not appear to cause miscarriage or unbalanced off-spring. Recurrence Risk Chromosomal aberrations may be inherited from a parent, and because of this many families seek genetic counseling in order to determine if a genetic disorder will recur in another member of the same generation or in generations that will follow. The family needs to know the genetic risk, also known as the recurrence risk, and any means by which transmission may be prevented. A recurrence risk will be calculated based on the accuracy of the diagnosis, the pedigree of the family, and the known genetic mechanisms of the disorder in question.